Article Review Pneumonia and Children Essay examples

Currency This article was published on Harvard International Review at January 13, 2014. This is an article about the disease, pneumonia and children. It was published very recently, just about 4 months ago. Therefore, this article is likely to be reliable and updated then. However, the article does not include any information after January 13, 2014. Thus further research has to be done in order to get the latest information. Relevance The title of this article is Pneumonia and Children. This article tells us about the causes and the effects of pneumonia onto child below 5 years old. It also discusses about the ways to prevent or treat pneumonia. This article is relevant to my research topic, child mortality, because pneumonia is one of†¦show more content†¦Moreover the journal is distributed across United States and more than 77 countries around the world and has a readership of over 30,000. HIR also serves as a forum for academic debate and analysing historical trends. Therefore HIR should be an objective source of news and thus reliable. Accuracy In this article, the author had used reliable sources from the MDG 2013 progress chart and mentioned the chart indicates that Sub-Saharan Africa still has a high mortality rate amongst under-five-year olds as well as the progress being made by Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Oceania is insufficient to reach the target if prevailing trends persists. In addition, the author had provided statistics for the child mortality rate and pneumonia infections. The author also identified the main causes for child mortality which is pneumonia and poverty, the same information had been shown in many other articles. Thus the reliability of this article is high as it has proof from a variety of different sources. Furthermore in a fact sheet regarding pneumonia, the World Health Organization had presented same information about the facts of pneumonia. Although the statistics of the child mortality rate due to pneumonia is slightly different. However this could be due to the articles were published at different years. Nevertheless the symptoms, causes, transmission, treatment and prevention of pneumonia are identicalShow MoreRelatedEssay on Streptococcus Pneumoniae1013 Words   |  5 PagesOrganization, pneumonia still remains one of the main killers of children under the age of five, taking more than 1.1 million lives of boys and girls annually (WHO Pneumonia factsheet, 2013). Pneumonia is more prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. It is well known that pneumonia is a disease of respiratory system that affects the alveoli, which are the constituent part of the lungs. Normally alveoli fill with air during the breath of a healthy person, while the one with pneumonia has alveoliRead Mo reInfluenza Vaccines And The Flu Vaccine1519 Words   |  7 Pagesreceived the flu vaccine who were sixty-five years and older. 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I was going to be his nurseRead MoreEarly Detection Of Patient Deterioration1591 Words   |  7 Pagesadverse events are predicted by physiological abnormalities that occur over hours and sometimes days (Kause et al 2004 cited in pantazopoulos 2012). Early detection of patient deterioration allows for early treatment of infections or hospital acquired pneumonia (Mato 2009, Mato 2010 and Straub 2014). It can also improve the patient’s outcome by potentially preventing unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) admission, cardiac arrest and unexpected hospital deaths. (Van Leuvan 2008, Subbe 2003, Hodgetts 2002Read MoreBenefits Of Breastfeeding On Infants And Children986 Words   |  4 Pages Benefits of Breastfeeding Keyeonta Stewart Webster University Abstract This paper discusses the benefits breastfeeding has on infants and children. The hypothesis is that feeding breast milk to infants significantly improves their health and cognitive functioning. Research which supports this hypothesis is discussed in this paper. The paper will discuss the methods and results of each study. Two studies are about the positive effects that breast milk has on the brain and cognitiveRead MoreInfluenza As An Influenza Virus1426 Words   |  6 Pagesidentity each season, influenza dictates for an average of 200,000 hospitalizations in the United States alone. Persons of all ages are vulnerable to contracting the virus however; serious illness is most common among women who are pregnant, infants, children ages five to seven, adults, elderly, individuals that have preexisting respiratory complications, (i.e.; asthma, lung disease) compromised immune systems, and neurological conditions (CDC, 2015). Varying constituents of both the influenza viralRead MoreBackground And History : Tammy Marquardt1207 Words   |  5 PagesUnfortunately, Ricky was abusive to Tammy and her child. Having to contact the Children’s Aid Society frequently in order to protect Kenneth made her living situation unbearable. Growing up, Kenneth had several health conditions, including asthma, pneumonia and epilepsy. He has also suffered several seizures over time in his life. The Crime On October 9, 1993, Kenneth was napping in the spare bedroom, and Tammy went to check on him finding him tangled into his sheets and was gasping for breath.

Analysis Of Eritre A Country With Many Economic Challenges

Eritrea: a Country with Several Economic Challenges Eritrea is a country in the East African region with a population of 6.3 million. Eritrea borders to Sudan, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and the Red Sea. The country s location towards the Red Sea has geopolitical strategy as a shortest sea rout from Europe to Middle East and Asia. As a result, the country has been targeted to several geopolitical games. After many consecutive colonization from Europe as well as been part of Ethiopia, Eritrea overcome its independence in May 1991 and received international recognition as a country by the United Nations in 1993. The Eritrean independence resulted a new geopolitical structure in the horn of Africa mainly in relation to Ethiopia, which became†¦show more content†¦The Eritrean economy continues to face several challenges which are increasingly undermining inclusive growth and job creation. One of the main factors that brought the Eritrean economy to the level of recession is war. According to African Developmental Bank Group, Eritrea was engaged in a border conflict with Ethiopia in 1998 to 2001. The war caused losing of millions of dollars and hundreds of human casualties in both countries(10). The border conflict rose up in the less than a decade after Eritrea became an independent country. This shows that how the economic progress of the country in the nation rebuild strategy diverted to regional war, and cost the new country millions of dollars in its few years of independence. This political instability influenced that level of governmental spending in to war and caused tremendous economic destruction. According to Eritrea Finance Ministry report, Government spending was 3.4 millions dollars in 1990 s. These amount were implemented in several infrastructure building, social and educational facilities and many other basic and fundamental implementations. According to World Bank report, the governmental spending lead investments were provide high level of job opportunities and Eritrea unemployment rate during first eight years of independence was between 7.1 and 7.5 (4). This fact shows that the

Intro to Music essay Example For Students

Intro to Music essay Floyd is one of the most well-respected and influential rock and roll bands of all time. Pink Floyd brought something new to the table of Rock and Roll. They created a sense of psychedelic hallucinations through their music and the lights they used during their performances. The band did not immediately come up with the name Pink Floyd. The group first went by Sigma 6 then Architectural Bedaubs before finally settling on the name Pink Floyd. Pink Floyd is comprised of four members. Sad Barrett and David Glamour both play guitar and are the vocals of the band. Nick Mason is on drums, while Roger Waters plays bass, synthesizer, and sings some vocals. Rick Wright also plays the keyboard and the synthesizer. Sad Barrett passed away on July 7, 2006 and Rick Wright passed September 15, 2008. All of the other members are still alive today. The early Pink Floyd did not play the music we would expect to hear from them today. In the beginning years of Pink Floyd the band mostly played Blues and Rhythm covers. Sad Barrett created most of Pink Floods early music including the songs including See Emily Play and Arnold Laymen. Pink Floods debut album, Piper at the Gates of Dawn is thought to be their most playful, creative, and whimsical album (Rockwell. Com). A British music magazine Q said Piper at the Gates of Dawn was a defining album in the psychedelic rock and roll submerge of music. The most well-known song from this album was a nine minute long instrumental titled Interstellar Overdrive. Sad Barrett, one of the most significant and important m embers of the band, dug himself into drug filled hole. His intense use of the hallucinogenic drug LSI took him from a brilliant and unique song writer and composer to mentally unstable. Barrett eventually left the band in 1968 and created two of his own albums with the help of his former band members. The albums were titled The Madcap Laughs and the other was self-titled Barrett. These two albums were both very eccentric due to his heavy drug experimentation. Not long after the Barrett album was released Sad Barrett completely disappeared from the music scene. Pink Floyd did dedicate an album to their former band leader called Wish You Were Here in 1975. After losing Barrett, the band replaced him with David Glamour and stayed strong for another fifteen years. The band released a double album titled Managua which I found very interesting. The album had two discs, the first was many of their live performances and the second was and individual piece by each band member. In all, Pink Floyd released eighteen different albums but one album stands out from the rest. In 1973 the band released an album titled Dark Side of the Moon. This album broke all records and stayed on the Top 200 charts for an astonishing seven hundred and forty one weeks! The album was released in 1973 and stayed on the Top 200 chart until 1988. But the band did not stop there. Pink Floyd released another wildly popular album titled The Wall. Roger Waters told Rolling Stones magazine in 1982 that he wanted to make comparisons between rock and roll concerts and war and Intro to Music essay By Journalese Walters, is The idea that we, as individuals, generally find it necessary to avoid or deny the painful aspects of our experience, and often in fact use them as bricks in a wall behind which we may sometimes find shelter The band performed the song Another Brick in the Wall, which has three different parts, twenty four times all over the country, in a very theatrical manner. .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f , .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .postImageUrl , .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f , .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:hover , .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:visited , .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:active { border:0!important; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:active , .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u515801d3e0a859ae25976f562f405c1f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rap Music causes violence against Women EssayEach time the band performed this song an actual wall was built in front of the band which collapsed at the end of the song. The Wall is said to be the most pessimistic album to ever reach number one. The Wall was the last album put out by Pink Floyd with the four members Waters, Glamour, Wright, and Mason. The Final Cut was released by Pink Floyd in 1983, but Glamour was absent from the album. All of the songs and the music in this album were written by Waters. Glamour had asked Walters to delay the release of the album so he could write a couple of pieces but Waters refused. The album received five stars by Rolling Stones maga zine. Soon after Glamour released a solo album titled About Face. The band broke apart for a few years after that and remained silent until a bitter court battle broke out between members of the band. After that the band ended up releasing two more albums, Momentary Lapse of Reason in 1987 and Delicate Sound of Thunder and 1988 without Wright. During the nineties Pink Floyd released The Division Bell and Pulse which went straight to the top of the charts. On July 2, 2005 Pink Floyd performed together for the first time in twenty four ears with the four members Wright, Glamour, Waters, and Mason in Loons Hyde Park.

The Philippines as a Developing Country Essay Example

The Philippines as a Developing Country Essay Once dubbed as â€Å"Asia’s New Tiger†, the Philippines is currently showing progress with fierceness that’s more tabby cat than tiger. All the promise of development and growth it has shown years ago remains unfulfilled until now. And although a lot of aspects may factor in, I would like to explore just how big a role the seemingly unstable government is playing on the staggered – if not altogether stagnant – growth of this 300,000 sq. km. country. This I will do by discussing the issue’s revolving around this Asian country’s agrarian reform, revolutionary change, political economy, and rapid urbanization.II. Agrarian Reform: CARP through four differing administrationThe Philippines’ Republic Act No. 6657 states, â€Å"The agrarian reform program is founded on the right of farmers and regular farm workers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farm workers, to receive a share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to the priorities and retention limits set forth in this Act, having taken into account ecological, developmental, and equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. The State shall respect the right of small landowners and shall provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing.† (Chan Robles)Read also The Philippine Peso Us Dollar Exchange RateAlthough brimming with promise of better land distribution between farmers and landowners, CARP is in fact swimming in a sea of loopholes. And this is because it is, as de Guzman, Garrido, and Manahan put it, â€Å"a compromised result of haggling between lawmaker, landowners and the advocates of reform.†Years after the implementation of CARP, it is still being bombarded with issues. In 2004, a good 15 years after the law on CARP was enacted, agrarian reform advocates and potential ben eficiaries were calling it a failure – even as it delivered 5.8 M hectares of land to 2.7 M beneficiaries, or 72% of what the government has mapped out. This comment may be brought about by the fact that this 72% was supposed to have been completed by 1999 (de Guzman, Garrido, and Manahan).In the last 21 years, CARP has been handled by four presidents and a slew of agrarian reform secretaries, which affected the speed and efficiency by which the reform was handled.Corazon Aquino, who became president in 1986 after the historical â€Å"people power† movement wiped out the brief spell of military rule in the Philippines (World Factbook), was said to have led a government that that tended to weaken CARP. This was mainly because her family’s 600-hectare Hacienda Luisita was then exempted from distribution. â€Å"Shady deals and dubious accomplishment reports† (de Guzman, Garrido, and Manahan strengthened the agrarian reform advocates’ conviction that t he Aquino administration was deadest on weakening, if not vitiating, CARP.CARP, though, continued to exist and showed some improvement when Fidel Ramos took over the presidency. Of the targeted 6.1 M hectares, 75% were distributed with the help of then Department of Agrarian Reform (or DAR) Secretary Ernesto Galindo. Although most of the land distribution were non-contentious, Galindo was still praised because his stint as agrarian reform secretary created a standard when it comes to rallying support from government agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to help expedite implementation of CARP. Moreover, it was during this period that everybody saw the reform to be operable (de Guzman, Garrido, and Manahan).But the next administration nearly destroyed the CARP image the Ramos administration has worked so hard to build. Joseph Estrada’s three-year presidency (his term was cut short by EDSA 2, which demanded for his resignation) saw the DAR closing its central doors to the people it is supposed to welcome with open arms – the farmers. With everybody pinning high hopes on then Secretary Horacio Morales, who has a background on rural development, it was greatly disappointing to see that under his rule, DAR missed a lot of targets and even made a lot of land conversions and cancellations of land acquisition certificates (de Guzman, Garrido, and Manahan).Right now, with Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as president, CARP is now on its last phase of implementation and agrarian reform advocates are saying that the government â€Å"is facing its toughest challenge yet† (de Guzman, Garrido, and Manahan). Arroyo, however, seems to be stepping up the ante and boasts that her land distribution achievement is the biggest in CARP history.CARP is on a seesaw, with its success going up and down depending on the president or the person he has appointed as secretary of DAR. CARP can never truly be a success unless the Philippines start to draft a common p olicy on how to go about setting land distribution on a path of flourishing, or at least uniform, success.III. Revolutionary change: People Power MovementOne thing the Philippines is famous for is its People Power Movement, a.k.a. EDSA Revolution (EDSA referring to the street where the revolution was made), where the Filipinos proved to the world that people united towards one goal can bring about revolutionary change without having to use force (The EDSA Revolution Website).Triggered by the outright murder of Senator Benigno Aqino (who was one of the more outspoken oppositionist to then President Ferdinand Marcos), coupled with restlessness with Ferdinand Marcos’ 20-year rule (nine years of which was under military rule), the Filipino people marched to the streets and demanded for change – starting with Marcos stepping down from position. It was a captivating image – young and old, men and women, linked arm-in-arm, holding rosaries, and braving tanks which they are not sure are going to stop for them. In the end, this peaceful undividedness won over and Marcos fled the country on February 25, 1986, three days after the revolution was started.The world over was impressed by this show of unity. CBS anchorman Bob Simon even said, â€Å"We Americans like to think we taught the Filipinos democracy; well, tonight they are teaching the world† (The EDSA Revolution Website). It was perhaps the success of peacefully overturning a corrupt president that made the Filipinos repeat – or at least attempt to repeat – the same feat achieved by the first EDSA Revolution.On January 17, 2001, after frustration over the Senate’s refusal to open an envelope that supposedly contains vital evidence on Joseph Estrada’s impeachment trial, the Filipino people again marched to the streets of EDSA and once again asked for the resignation of yet another president. EDSA 2, as this gesture was called, was again successful in ousting a president but not everybody was as happy with this result. As Federick L. Perito, a self-proclaimed activist said, â€Å"EDSA people power 2 completely trampled [the Philippines’] constitution†. Comparing it with EDSA 1, he says EDSA 2 was not success brought about by a peaceful revolution but more of a â€Å"mob rule†. As Estrada was duly elected as president by millions of people, Perito points out that â€Å"EDSA 2 trampled on the rights of every Filipino to be governed by a duly elected president.†Perito may have a point. There was a lot of hullabaloo that surrounded EDSA 2. Right after Estrada â€Å"resigned† (this was contested later on by Estrada himself, claiming that he only temporarily handed the presidency to Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo so that the impeachment trial can proceed peacefully) and imprisoned, a new batch of people marched to the streets and claimed that Estrada is still their president (Perito).EDSA 1 was such an admirable event because the Filipinos (with the exception of a really few Marcos loyalists) were then strongly united on one thing: and that’s freedom from a ruler who shouldn’t have been in the position anymore. And with all the unexplained killings of Marcos critics, it was, at that time, the only option open to the Filipinos. EDSA 2 may have also been a unified effort but there was a legal option open to them – impeachment. Even with the questionable refusal to open the supposed important envelope, they could have waited for the trial to bring about a result. Instead, a mob went to EDSA and bullied a president to resign. Not everybody was quite happy when the president indeed stepped down and another mob went to EDSA to declare that they still believe in Estrada. Indeed, it was not a pretty picture.The Filipinos surely are to be respected for the way they fight for what they believe in. But will they always resort to ‘people power’ in solving issues that has a more acceptable solution? Taking things to streets create for the Filipinos instability that makes it hard for them to establish a well-oiled government that has only economy and people welfare in its mind. With people power looming in every corner, the government would always have fear of another revolt on their minds.IV. Political Economy: Four Presidents, Four Progress RatesJust like CARP, the Philippines’ economy has been moving up and down according to who is seated as president. Currently, the country’s GDP is said to be at its highest point in 21 years, with an average of 3.96%. The figure is slightly higher than those achieved by the Aquino (3.8%) and Ramos (3.7%) administrations. Inflation rate is also at a better position with 3.1%, the lowest in 19 years. (Gov.Ph News)The Aquino administration was marked with instability as a result of the transition from the people power. Hence, inflation rate then was at a high 9.7% average. It stayed high until 1991. It w asn’t until Fidel Ramos became president in 1992 that the inflation rate slowed to an average of 7.8%. It was also during Ramos’ reign that the Philippines showed a lot of potential to step out of its third-world status. As David G. Timberman said in his paper ‘The Philippines’ New Normalcy’, Ramos’s administration signaled â€Å"exciting times† because Ramos was focused on â€Å"economic recovery and reform†.Again, the â€Å"tiger† image that the Ramos presidency has worked so hard to establish had come tumbling down when Joseph Estrada moved in as president. With the business sector often overcritical of and a corruption scandal hounding the new president, the Philippines saw a really weak economy with its peso plunging to a record low of Php51.95 to a dollar (AFP). Even with the low inflation rate of 6.9% average (Gov.Ph News), Estrada’s administration was still pointed as one of the weak points in the history o f Philippine economy.Today, with Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo sitting as president, the Philippines is starting to recover from the economic slump it experienced during Estrada’s government. Aside from the improving GDP and inflation rate, Arroyo also achieved putting the Philippine peso at Php46 to a dollar.It’s good that the Philippine economy is once again picking up. But will the next administration (the next election will be on May 2010) be able to maintain it?V. Rapid urbanization: Manila as Center of Poverty in the PhilippinesIf there’s anything constant in the Philippines, it’s rapid urbanization. More and more people seem to be moving from the provinces to the capital Manila. According to a chart made by Dr. Primitivo C. Cal, Manila can expect 13,157 M people living on it by 2015.AreaPopulation (‘000)198019952015Manila5,2969,45413,157Adjoining Areas2,4344,91412,563TOTAL8,36014,38625,720Figure 2. Population trend in the Philippines’ capita l, Manila.Source: Dr. Primitivo C. Cal, â€Å"A Sustainable Transportation Strategy for Metro Manila† http://csur.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ws2004/papers/B2-Cal.pdfCurrently, half of Manila’s population was born in the province. People move into the city in search of the perfect job that will put their family in a good position economically. They are, however, disappointed and are stuck in low-paying jobs (Yamson). With the low salary, most of them also resort to squatting and living under bridges and beside railways.This Filipinos’ preference to cram themselves in the city instead of establishing a life in the provinces may have been brought about by the government. Different administrations have different pet projects, and none of them seem to be countryside growth. Most, if not all, of the government policies are targeted towards urban development, making those born in the province naturally aim for the city to gain a better life (Yamson). This, however, can (if not al ready has) backfire because having people centered on the city can cause problems in providing adequate food, water, and services.For a country so small, centering development in the city may not be too much of a good idea especially since some of the country’s export commodities (like fruits and coconut oil) can be acquired in the countryside (World Factbook). The government should start putting more effort into equally developing the provinces – not just for economic welfare, but also for the health reasons.VI. ConclusionThe Philippines has already shown that with good hands to lead the government, it can rise above its fellow third world countries and become economically strong. It has been a pity that with the passing of hands, different administrations are unable to sustain a good economic status. But there are so much more that the Philippine government should be working on: non-urban development, education, health, etc. The government should start having a unifi ed goal, so that with each turnover of presidency, the government will be moving towards a direction that the previous government was working on. And maybe then, the Philippines will be able to sustain that fierceness it has shown back in the late 1990’s and jump from a developing country to a developed one.

Bob Dylan Poetry free essay sample

A comparison of recordings of Bob Dylans All along the Watchtower by Bob Dylan and Jimi Hendrix offers a vivid case study of what Samuel Floyd characterizes as the complementary oppositions of African- and European-derived musical processes and events. The song itself draws together elements of ballad and blues traditions; and the two recordings treat this synthesis in very different ways even as they share the common ground of late 1960s rock. Dylans is a spare, acoustic folk-rock rendition, while Hendrixs is an opulent electric spectacle whose sonic and syntactic conception npacks the latent drama only suggested by the original. In the process, Hendrix offers an alternative answer to the songs existential dilemma implied in its lyrics and emphasized in its musical setting. This paper examines the elements and the workings of the dialogic interaction represented first of all in Dylans song, and then in the transformation it undergoes in Hendrixs version. We will write a custom essay sample on Bob Dylan Poetry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His use of language was unusual, and called attention to itself by Juxtaposing words and images not usually associated with each other. In contrast, All Along The Watchtower is spare and restrained. The song consists of only three verses, with no chorus. The language is simple. Yet the three verses are packed with meaning and drama. Lets see how it starts. There must be some kind of way out of here, OSaid the Joker to the thief. Notice how Dylan starts the song by throwing us into the middle of a conversation, and begins with an urgent statement. We dont know where the here is from which the speaker wants to escape, but we know he wants out. The sense of drama is immediate. We find out that the two people speaking are the joker and the thief. These are archetypal characters that have existed in one form r another for thousands of years. By identifying them in this way, Dylan invokes a sense of timelessness. Because these fgures are broad archetypes, there is already a suggestion that this might be a parable of some sort, a story whose essence remains the same over many different times, places and characters. The Joker, or Jester, can be seen in general to represent the artist: s omeone whose role is to amuse other members of the established order, but also to provoke them, to suggest alternate ways of looking at reality. And, of course, the Joker and the thief are both outsiders of sort, united in their separation from more ordered segments of society. Theres too much confusion, 01 cant get no relief. 0Businessmen, they drink my wine, OPIowmen dig my earth. ONone of them along the line 0Know what any of it is worth. The rest of the verse tells us why the Joker wants to escape: there is too much confusion. But what is confused? Others are benefiting from his labors, and working for him to help produce the results. But neither understands the worth of their efforts. So the confusion is about values: what is valuable and what is not. No reason to get xcited, 0The thief he kindly spoke. 0There are many here among us OWho feel that life is but a Joke. 0But you and l, weve been through that, OAnd this is not our fate. So let us not talk falsely now, 0The hour is getting late. The second verse begins with the thief speaking kindly to the Joker. This adverb lets us know that he is sympathetic and that he, perhaps, understands the worth of the Joker and his efforts. the thief and the Joker know better, having lived through that. So while others may still be confused, these two are not. Since they understand the value of life, it is mportant for them to be truthful with one another. Then the last line of the verse brings us back from exposition to a sense of drama and movement, and impending action: the hour is getting late. All along the watchtower, OPrinces kept the view, 0 While all the women came and went † 0Barefoot servants too. 00utside in the cold distance, OA wildcat did growl. 0Two riders were approaching, and 0The wind began to howl. The beginning of this final verse suddenly shifts the scene, without at first giving us any sense of how this new setting connects to the first one. In contrast to the first two verses, which were full of conversation, this verse unfolds almost cinematically, full of visual imagery. This new scene is populated with princes, women, and barefoot servants, establishing a time and place in the past, although again using enduring, archetypal fgures. These fgures guarding their castle seem to represent established society, and the existing power structure. But what are they guarding against? A wildcat growls from a distance, suggesting the savage, untamed power of nature lurking Just beyond the well-ordered lights of the castle. Then we see the two riders approaching. Suddenly, in only four words, the first two verses are connected with the last. With a sort of cinematic establishing shot, but used at the end of the story rather than the beginning, we see the thief and the Joker approaching the castle. We already know that they want to establish a different set of values, one based on the worth of human life. Their approach towards the guarded castle suggests an impending confrontation. And then the last line of the song strengthens this suggestion with imagery of a furious storm starting to build. Note how this last verse has made physical the relationships suggested in the previous lines. The thief, Joker and wildcat are all placed outside the castle, which is occupied by princes and servants. So we now have, in a very concrete sense, independent outsiders and a rigid power hierarchy. Dylans accomplishment here is nothing less than amazing. In the space of a few verses, in a song so spare it could almost be missed as a throw-away, Dylan manages to accomplish all of the following. Summarizes his own life to date. Given his earlier efforts to make pointed fun f almost everything around him, and his near-fatal motorcycle crash that marked a turning point in his career, it is hard not to see the Joker as Dylan himself. He has now learned that life is not a Joke, and distinguishes between artists and outsiders who understand the seriousness of life, versus the businessmen and fans who treat his art as simply a marketable commodity. Identifies the primary issue of our time as one of values. Modern thinkers such as Ken Wilber, with his image of our contemporary flatland, in which everything is seen as neutral, and devoid of value, are brought to mind. In earlier songs Dylan talked tirelessly of modern fgures misunderstanding the significance of issues such as war, freedom and poverty. Here Dylan stands back from these specific issues and reduces the confrontation to its essential element: human values against the established order. Propels his theme with a powerful dramatic structure. From a traditional dramatic viewpoint, almost nothing happens in this song: two riders talk to each play. Yet by repeatedly hinting at the intensity of a coming confrontation, and by identifying the two opposing forces, Dylan keeps us on the edges of our seats, ondering what will happen next. The effect at the end is comparable to the conclusion of William Butler Yeats famous poem, The Second Coming: And what rough beast, its hour come round at last, slouches towards Bethlehem to be born? In both cases, there is a perceptible chill creeping up the spine, as the poet leaves his reader to contemplate the inevitability and intensity of the coming confrontation, and its consequences. Well, so much for the lyrics. Dylans original reading of the song is as spare and compact as his words, with the music adding little. Hendrix treatment is whole different matter, though. The first element to note is how the music here parallels the dramatic structure of the song. Listen to the opening drums and guitars, as one example. (Audio clip 44K. ) The beat starts, intensifies, and then stops. As in the lyrics, the power is hinted at, but not unleashed. The music, like the words, points towards some future action, presents the tension, but does not resolve it. This device is repeated throughout the song, with Hendrix mostly holding back, repeatedly returning the song to its basically quiet pace. The second element I want to note is Hendrix use of guitar to represent the confusion that the Joker is experiencing. This is a perfect role for Jimi, of course, since his guitar parts often defy our normal expectations for the instrument. He uses bent notes, a wah-wah pedal, and other devices to represent a disorienting, almost inhuman sonic landscape. Here is one example. (Audio clip 128K. ) The third musical element I want to comment on, and the one that really frames and defines the whole song, is Jimis repeated, gradually progressing ascents up the scale with blistering notes. Here is what I mean, the first ime it appears, at the beginning of the first guitar break, between the first and second verses. Audio clip 16K. ) Here is what it sounds like at the end of the second, and longer, guitar break, between the second and third verses. (Audio clip 40K. ) And here, finally, is the way it sounds at the end of the song. (Audio clip 220K. ) Notice how Jimi seems to be gradually reaching for a note that he only finally hits at the end of the song. And then when he gets there, he repeats it, over and over, making a high keening sound, representing not only the howling wind referred to in the last line, ut that coming conflict that the song so clearly prepares us for. And the music ends on this note, as do the lyrics, without resolution, but clearly pointing forwards to some anticipated future act of liberation. This is simply a brilliant collaboration between songwriter and musician, the accompaniment extending and reinforcing the meaning and drama of the lyrics, and showcasing the unique possibilities of the electric guitar along with nothing more than a bass, drum kit and acoustic guitar. Listening to this song is like trying to find your way through a washed-out desert at unset. Hes making some harsh criticisms of American society during the Vietnam era, but the music is so mellow and the lyrics so strange its like hes daring you not to pay attention. Aside from that, All Along the Watchtower is a song that defined the late 1960s, when the calm, disciplined protests of the early decade were degenerating into violence and confusion. No wonder Dylan ends the song with a howling wind. Hendrix got around to covering this song, it sealed the deal: the guitar solo at the end has come to embody the splitting apart of order into screeching, and possibly iberating, chaos. Hendrixs version has been used in countless movies and television shows, from the Spike Lee Joint Clockers to Forrest Gump to the episode in The Simpsons when Homers mother, an ex-hippie terrorist, returns to Springfield. And, if nothing else, its cool to think that Dylan has performed this song more than any other. Not many people are aware that Bob Dylan was the original writer and singer of All Along the Watchtower. Since Bob Dylan wrote the song, two other widely known artists have done their own version of this song: Jimi Hendrix and The Dave Matthews Band. Although it is the same song Just done by different singers, each song has its own characteristics which makes them appear as very different songs. In this paper, I will compare how each of these artists adds their own touch to the song by the use of their instruments. If you have ever heard any of Bob Dylans songs, you know that he as a very mellow tone to all of them. All Along the Watchtower is no different. Dylan uses only a very few instruments. At the very beginning of the song, you will hear a harmonica which immediately makes you want to hear the rest of the song. The only other instruments I can hear in Dylans version of the song are a guitar and drums. Throughout the song you hear Bob Dylan. An influential poet, writer, and musician who redefined American pop music. Dylan was able to use his skills to successfully reach an outstanding degree of accomplishments. Being able to take the term literature and give it a whole new meaning, Dylan has made a significant change in todays music listeners. Dylan was capable of taking his ability to write, his ability to perform, and putting them with the time he had to spare to become one of the most enigmatic, prolific performers in the world. In the time of Bob Dylans music, the world separated literature and music. Music included lyrics, beats, rhythms, and instruments. Literature, on the other hand, was strictly for poetry, ballads, letters, and stories. Never before had anyone considered the opportunity for song lyrics to be considered literature. People strongly thought of the two as being very different categories. With both literature and music being respected in their own unique way, Bob Dylan came along to add a new element. During his time, Dylan was known for his touching songs, however, many did not onsider him a poet. This thought was false. Dylan was a poet first aln meetings, Bob Dylan had raised an interesting question. Is it possible for a performance art to be considered literature (Marcus 119)? Bob Dylans music was unique; he was able to intertwine his lyrics through the life he had lived and through the events of the world around him. Some events in Dylans life were the Kennedy assassination and the Vietnam War. Dylan would come to be known for playing at concerts that were protesting the war at hand. Many young adults would flock to hear the man who new Just how to express the words. The words that expressed his deeper most feeling were the same words that comforted these many young adults by the mass. With people feeling the same sorrows as Dylan himself, it was his words that little significance. It was all in the words. l wanted Just a song to sing, and there came a point where I couldnt sing anything. I had to write what I wanted to sing cos what I wanted to sing, nobody else was writing (Spitz 407). Dylan shared this feeling with others everywhere. It is possible that him writing songs was the only way to say what needed to be said.

History Term Paper

History Term Paper History Term Paper The subject I have chosen to research cause and effects on the 21st century is the Industrial Revolution. I believe this was a huge turning point in our advancement as a race but like everything else in life this also created future problems. I’m hoping to learn more of about what directly influenced some of the daily activities I go through in my day to day life. Are some of the things I take for granted here because of the revolution? Life was dramatically different back at the height of the revolution and I feel as if it created a snowball effect for even more technological and machinery advancements. Something as simple as taking the car to the gas station and buying a soda would be impossible had the revolution not occurred. The industrial revolution began in the late 1700’s and brought force new methods of production, chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, and improved the efficiency of water use. Before the revolution, everything was done b y hand which made production exhaustingly slow and material production such as cotton just could not keep up with demand. This was until 1764 James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny. The flying shuttle invention before the spinning jenny helped the Jenny in becoming a success. Now more yarn could be used in a shorter time period at a lower cost. The ability to produce vast amounts of cotton materials made it much more profitable hence a new market would soon exist. Since clothes used to be made from hand and made specifically for the person purchasing them, they were rather expensive, and often had to be made at home. This meant poor people never had new clothes. Due to the invention of the spinning Jenny clothes became more available with lower prices. Now in the 21st century you can purchase various amounts of clothing for any activity you partake in at very low prices. Clothes are so widely available; you can buy a suit for a couple thousand dollars, or go to a disco unt clothing store or even a thrift shop and pay anywhere from twenty to only a couple hundred dollars. The prices of clothing vary almost as much as how many types of clothing are available. There is even clothing stores specifically for one type of clothing. Everyone used to dress the same for reasons mentioned earlier and that was the normal thing, two centuries later clothing can be used as a way to express yourself. One of the most monumental changes brought force from the industrial revolution was the creation of the middle class. No longer was it the rich and healthy living amongst the poor and starving. The middle class, the â€Å"working class† came about once factories were created for the mass production of materials and goods. The factories created a lot of jobs for the people which led to beginning of modern cities. All this progress led to healthier living conditions which meant a longer lifespan for people and the population of England nearly doubled in the 50 year span between 1800-1850. Although the chances of living longer were much higher the ability to survive childhood was the most difficult. Child labor was harsh, having kids use their small arms and hands to fix machinery resulted in many injuries. Overtime rules and regulations changed and child labor was no more. In the 21st century our cities have only grown more advanced. Cities like New York, Chicago and Boston would not exist had it been for urbanization during the revolution. People are now protected by law at their place of employment to avoid cruel and unfair workplaces. Children start school at a young age and are not allowed to enter the workforce until they are at least 14 with a workers permit. The factories and creation of industry shaped the modern world we live in today. The agricultural advancements made in the industrial revolution have led to us not having to depend on growing our own food for survival. Everything, literally everything we could ever need and want is History Term Paper History Term Paper History is a subject that is of utmost importance in terms of our existence. All the nations who are successful today have embraced their history and those nations who do not keep their history in their minds do not keep the capability to be successful. History should not be forgotten, it teaches us ways, which we should adopt to lead a successful life. History is like a lesson for us. Whatever is done in history can happen again and we can opt for a suitable way in the light of our knowledge related to history. In history, we have major wars of the world and of our countries, which brought enough destruction and every side lost due to their own misjudgements and lack of expertise, we also have natural destructions for whom we have not prepared ourselves before, we have historical characters who got good reputation on the basis of their hard work and struggle and many other events. For the subject of history, you have to write different history term papers such as American history te rm paper, European history term paper, US history term paper, England history term paper, German history term paper, French history term paper, Italian history term paper, Christian history term paper, world history term paper and many others. Now the question arises, how to write a history term paper? Writing a term paper on history needs your vast knowledge related to the world history. You are required to know all about the history term paper topics that are assigned to you to write history term papers. How can you gain all the necessary knowledge? Search through libraries, through internet websites, through bookstores, through academic shops, through previous news clippings, through journals, research papers, articles, case studies, term papers and dissertations written by authorized writers. By searching through all the available resources, we will be able to gain the required information for the term paper on history that you are going to write. For writing art history term paper or any other history term paper, remember to divide your history term paper ideas in different sections and paragraphs because these paragraphs will make your history term paper comprehensible and likable. Readers will have no difficulty in going through your written history term papers if you arrange your thoughts in multiple paragraphs but each paragraph should contain only one idea. More than one idea will spoil the comprehensiveness of your paragraphs along with your history term paper. Some term paper tips as for how to write a term paper you can find visiting our blog. If your have some difficulty in writing history term papers, you can also buy history term paper from custom term paper companies, which are there for your assistance.

Organizational Development and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organizational Development and change - Essay Example which is an integral part of OD is the implementation of strategic planning decided by an OD consultant after diagnosing the performance level and shortcomings of an organization. Intervention process takes place after approval from the management once the effectiveness of the planning is assessed. As defined by Chris Agryris, â€Å"to intervene is to enter into an ongoing system of relationships, to come between or among persons, groups, or objects for the purpose of helping them† (Anderson, 2013, p.190). In order to enhance effectiveness of an organization, intervention processes need to focus on groups rather than individuals to make a cultural change so that mission and goals of the organization become more attainable. For effective intervention, one major step is to build trust and it is the job of the management to earn trust from employees before expecting them to listen to their propositions. Also, it is more important to create an environment of collaboration among em ployees rather than encouraging competitiveness for motivation as the collaboration can improve teamwork and communication. Strategic interventions can also help in bringing about changes within the organization like mergers, expansion or improving relationship with stakeholders. There are four major types of intervention process. First is human process intervention which focuses on interpersonal relations and group performance. The goal is to create greater awareness of individual ability, develop specific behavioral skills, and to work more effectively as part of a group through various training methods (Kumar, 2010, p.187). Second type is technostructural intervention which is concerned with the organization’s technology like type and composition of job, and structure like job division and hierarchy. This intervention changes the overall working structure of the organization making it more flexible thus increasing motivation among employees. Also, it resorts to personnel layoffs and

Does money buy votes in congress outline the relationship between Research Paper

Does money buy votes in congress outline the relationship between campaign contributions and voting in congress - Research Paper Example Special interest contributions can flow to politicians who intrinsically value the same policy outcomes, but the contributions may have insignificant political behaviour once a politician is elected in office. One cornerstone of the argument presented in the various studies is the notion that campaign contributions are essentially concerned with affecting election outcomes and that donations are for the most part not meant to buy votes. However, donations are used by various groups in trying to influence ideological positions closer to congress regarding the ideal perception for the interest group (Bronars & Lott, 1995). According to Wawro (2001), efforts to reform campaign finance laws result from the belief that campaign contributions have pernicious effect on politician behaviour with a recent survey showing that 53% of individual believed campaign contributions influence policies of elected officials. ... Therefore, PAC (Political Action Committees) contribute to members of the congress in a way likely for the politicians to vote the way PACs favour even without contributions. PAC donation to friendly members may be construed as cause for the members to vote in a certain way when in fact the member would have voted the same way without the donation. The extensive research on the issues has not produced consistent results that indicate that campaign contributions influence congress members’ voting behaviour (Wawro, 2001). Despite the common knowledge that campaign contributions of interest groups have far less influence that commonly thought; systematic examination of literature reveals various studies that establish connection between monetary donations and votes. Findings from various studies indicate several significant qualifications to the common knowledge that monetary donations do in fact sway how elected representatives vote. The findings are however subject to variation s in model specification because there is less significant link in certain research model specifications such results are nevertheless common in better models. Clearly, monetary donations are linked with voting that favour the donor’s interests; nevertheless, any attempt to conclude autonomous sway on legislators has to fully account for the complexities of the relationships involved. That of great importance is the propensity for PACs to give money to affiliates who are disposed to favour their position; for instance, liberal groups back their own associates who come from liberal constituencies resulting in them voting generously while the opposite applies to conservatives (Roscoe & Jenkins, 2005; US Congress votes on trade, 2011). The pattern suggest that it is the

Building and Managing Capability for Marketing Innovation Essay

Building and Managing Capability for Marketing Innovation - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that business model innovation is becoming increasingly important in a world where competitors can easily imitate strategies. Business model innovation represents a higher order of innovation compared to product or process innovation. Many standard business functions have been undergoing radical transformations. Manufacturing no longer involves the mass production of standardized large lots, but the lean production of customized units of one. Not surprisingly, new voices have been calling for the reinvention of marketing. Today’s marketers face new challenges. Consumers are time poor and information-rich; they expect better quality, better services, lower prices and more value for their effort and money. New channels are proliferating, traditional distribution channels are consolidating, and competitors now come from all over the world, increasingly, with lower costs and sometimes of higher quality. By tapping multiple sources of com petitive advantage, a new business model can help a company leapfrog competition. Companies need to keep examining their business model and their relevance for customers in an era of cutthroat competition. An innovation represents a significant improvement over what exists. A successful innovation generates a product or service that is valued highly by customers. As Peter Drucker puts it, â€Å"innovation is the process of finding a new with a new capacity to create wealth. Innovation may improve the yield of existing resources or may provide more value or satisfaction to customers.†Ã‚  " Innovation may endow resources with a new capacity to create wealth. A radical process innovation may be much more disruptive than a minor or moderate product innovation. But, in general, it may be reasonable to say that a radical product innovation is more challenging than a radical process innovation. This is because process innovations are typically internally focused and many of the vari ables are under the organization's control. On the other hand, product innovations are externally focused and markets never cease to surprise. 2.2. Current market challenges: Markets always change faster than marketing. Peter Drucker, (1954) wrote that the business enterprises have two and only two basic functions: Marketing and Innovation. Marketing and innovation produces results; all the rest are costs. Today, companies unabashedly declare their wish to get closer to customers; marketing is actually loosing power to other functions in the corporation. New products are failing at a disturbing rate. Recent studies put the failure rate of new European consumer products at 80% (Nielsen, 1999). Consumer behaviors vary across time and space as well as by contingencies and changing images. In a world filled with choices, there are no sustaining themes or consumption patterns. Some of the reasons for new product failure are: a high level executive pushes a favorite idea in spite of negative market research findings; the idea is good but the market size is overestimated; the product is not well designed; the product is incorrectl y positioned, ineffectively advertised or overpriced; the product is not well designed; the product is incorrectly positioned, in effectively advertised or overpriced; development costs are higher than expected; or competitors fight back harder than expected. Poor performance by Western nation firms in the area of new product development reflects excessive emphasis on profit maximization and risk avoidance. 2.3. Role of innovation in marketing: Marketing styles and innovations have an important role in achieving trade objectives. Marketing style may also influence the nature of a firm's approach to innovation. Only after an organization accepts that innovation should be driven by the need to meet customer aspirations rather than financial community's demand for profitability, does it become possible to evolve a more effective innovation management philosophy. Many companies are beginning to

Financial Management of the National Health Service (NHS)

Financial Management of the National Health Service (NHS) Introduction This academic paper described a public sector in health care particularly on its financial management. The chosen public sector is the National Health Service (NHS). A description of the sources of funds and expenditures of NHS is provided. Financial decision-making, control and monitoring in public sectors are analysed within the context of this organisation. Specifically, a discussion of financial accountability and budgeting in public sector are explained. At the end of the paper, the tender process and specification for NHS England was provided and a criteria for selection was devised. The National Health Service (NHS) The National Health Service (NHS) is a publicly funded organisation that provides health care services to residents of United Kingdom. It was established in 1948 and currently provides a wide array of services including antenatal screening, treatment of chronic diseases, emergency care, transplantations, preventive care and end-of-life care (NHS, 2013). The Washington Commonwealth Fund, this organisation is the best health care system in the world in 2014 (NHS Confederation, 2014). With the exception of some prescription, optical and dental services, all health care services by NHS are free for all the 63.2 million residents of United Kingdom (NHS, 2013). Health services being provided are determined by the Secretary of State for Health (England), the Minister for Health and Community Care (Scotland), the Minister for Health and Social Services (Wales) and the Minister for Health, Social Services and Public Safety (Northern Ireland) (Harker, 2012). Funding Harker (2012) released vital information on the way the NHS gets its fund. The funds of the NHS are being given by the Department of Health and come from the taxes collected from the people. For 2012/2013, the latest published fund was  £108.9 billion (NHS, 2013). An estimated 80% of NHS funds go to the 151 existing Primary Care Trusts and the amount they receive would depend on the serviceable population and their need (Harker, 2012). In addition, the money primary care trusts are getting can be dispensed by commissioning health services from NHS, independent and voluntary sectors they deemed most needed by their local residents (Harker, 2012). For prescription charging in England, patients pay an amount of  £7.20 while Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland charge none (Harker, 2012). The Department of Health Resource Accounts for 2010/11 estimated that  £450 million were raised from prescription charging in England. For dental treatment, on the other hand, the amount being paid by patients cost around  £17.50- £209 depending on the dental case in England,  £12 to  £177 in Wales, up to  £384 in Northern Ireland and Scotland (Harker, 2012). The amounts of funds raised were estimated to  £614.3 million in England and  £27.3 million in Wales for 2009/10 (Harker, 2012). Other sources of funds would overseas patient charging, treatment of private patients and hospital parking and telephone use fees (Harker, 2012). The funding and expenditures of the NHS per year is made known to public through the government’s annual reports. NHS Public Accountability Maybin et al (2011: 7) defined accountability as the â€Å"relationship involving answerability, an obligation to report, to give account of, actions and non-actions†. Primary care trusts who are the main recipient of most of the NHS funds and the commissioners of health services are held accountable in terms of: 1) management by the strategic health authority and the Secretary of State for Health; 2) regulation on the quality of commissioning by the Care Quality Commission; 3) scrutiny for financial management and disbursement of resources by the Audit Commission, local overview and scrutiny committees, non-executive directors of the boards and patient and public representatives of local involvement networks (Maybin et al, 2011). In the future, commissioners will likewise be held accountable by the new national NHS Commissioning Board, standing rules of the Secretary of State, Monitor, new health and well-being boards, local HealthWatch, and the National Audit Office’s consolidated annual accounts (Maybin et al, 2011). The NHS Trust are accountable to primary care trusts, Care Quality Commission, local involvement networks, Audit commission, local overview and scrutiny committees, and externally appointed non-executive directors of the boards (Maybin et al, 2011). For the NHS Foundation Trust are likewise monitored the same as that of NHS Trust with the addition of the governor and Monitor (Maybin et al, 2011). In addition, independent sector providers are held accountable only by the primary care trusts, Care Quality Commission and local involvement networks (Maybin et al, 2011). Financial Control and Monitoring Good financial control and monitoring are keys to effective financial management in the health care sector (Cichon, 1999). A formal management control system includes the following processes: 1) programming, 2) budgeting, 3) operating measurement, 4) reporting and evaluation, and 5) feedback and correction (Finkler et al, 2007). Programming involves selecting the programmes that the organisation wants to engage at in the future (Finkler et al, 2007). Control of the future programmes will ensure that adding these to current programmes can meet the mission, vision and objectives of the organisation. Next is setting the budget. The budget is used to compare the budgeted amount with the actual amounts used by the organisation in a fiscal year and would mainly tell if the organisation has met its targeted operating and financial performance (McLean, 2002). Moreover, the management must be able to produce reports of its operating finances for evaluation, feedback and correction (Finkler et al, 2011). In the NHS, the chief executive is the one responsible for the organisational finances and he/she is held answerable to the Permanent Secretary or the Chief Executive of NHS (Audit Commission, 2004). Meanwhile, the director of finance is tasked to ensure that all practises and procedures related to the organisation’s finances are sound and in place (Audit Commission, 2004). The Audit Commission (2004) explicitly suggests way to improve financial management especially in controlling and monitoring. The first step is financial planning. A financial plan should be able to project the revenue and the capital needed in a particular period of time while placing consideration on possible shifts in capital spending. NHS bodies are suggested to consider extra investments that can improve the services such as spending for technology and research. In the long run, these may lessen capital costs and provide more revenues. After the financial planning, the budget must be set and prepared to ensure proper allocation. The budget must be created consistent with the vision, mission, goals and objectives of the organisation. In NHS, a combination of zero-based budgeting and incremental budgeting are being used. In zero-budgeting, the organisation starts from none while in incremental budgeting, the budgets are carried forward and adjusted yearly. Budget reporting and mon itoring comes next wherein the budget is reported to budgetholders especially the variances so that corrective actions can be applied. Board reporting comes next wherein financial information is relayed to NHS boards so that they can take corrective actions as early as possible whenever necessary. Financial reports are also produced as part of the statutory obligation of NHS bodies. Through financial reports produced annually, the NHS is able to inform the public where their taxes for health go. Treasury management, on the other hand, ensures the sufficiency of cash through receipt and payment management, borrowings and investments, and cashflow monitoring. The Department of Health sets the amount of cash expenditures that NHS bodies are allowed to spend. The NHS also implements system for financial control to ensure public accountability. This is signified by the chief executive’s annual statement on internal control. Lastly, the NHS must ensure value for money by fostering learning, transparency and openness in using new resources. Financial Information and Decision Making Decision-making is a process of selecting course of actions from a pool of actions that may be feasible or applicable (Cleverly et al, 2010). In terms of finances, the management must be able to utilise financial information in aid of decision-making. The information must then be accurate, timely and relevant in order to arrive at an effective and high quality decisions (Cleverly et al, 2010). For example, a financial forecast of a new technology serves as the information for the NHS. Based on the forecast, the decision question now is to whether the new technology must be purchased or not. Supposing that the decision was to purchase the technology and the result was significant earnings for the NHS, then the financial information was successfully utilised to aid in making the right decision. Khan and Jain (2007) suggests that to arrive at financial decisions, the finance manage must be able to determine sources of short-term and long-term financing and their alternatives at a given point in time. In the case of the NHS for example, short-term financing could be the dental charges from patients while long-term financing would be the tax funds coming from the government. Supposing that there is a shortage of funds for the coming fiscal year, the finance manager must ask what could be a good source of readily available short-term and long-term financing at the moment to meet the first quarter needs. Tender Process and Documentation The tender process may be used by organisations which need a particular service (Oakley, 2008). The organisation is expected to release a tender specification which provides the details of the type of services they need, volume of work, locations and costs (Oakley, 2008). In the NHS, there are five stages in the tender process namely: 1) assessing sustainability; 2) submission of the pre-qualification questionnaire; 3) invitation to tender; 4) final interview and presentation; and 5) contract award (Royal College of Nursing, 2005). Assessing sustainability includes performing pre-tender checks, finding a tender notice, obtaining a copy of the tender and evaluating it, providing an expression of interest and completing subsequent forms (Royal College of Nursing, 2005). The next step would be to submit the pre-qualification questionnaire which is then decided by the Commissioner. Once the Commissioner gave a favourable decision, an invitation to tender will be issued to which a respons e would be needed for final evaluation of the Commissioner (Royal College of Nursing, 2005). A final interview will be conducted together with the Commissioner and a positive response would end with the awarding of the contract (Royal College of Nursing, 2005). Based on the NHS process, tender criteria have been devised (Morledge and Smith, 2013; Ward, 2008). The scoring will be based on organisation details (10%), workforce information (10%) , financial standing (10%), relevant experience and technical ability (15%) , health and safety (15%) , insurances (5%) , references (5%), quality assurance (15%), equal opportunity declaration (5%), and evidence of registration with the regulatory bodies (5%) (Royal College of Nursing, 2005). A corresponding score will be given which range from 0=failed to 5= very high standard. The score will be multiplied with the percentages per item to get the weighted score. The weighted score will be totaled. The total weighted score will serve as basis for ranking (Ward, 2008). Summary and Conclusion They say that the health of the people reflects the richness of a nation. Health care is a fundamental right and a public concern. Thus, a public organisation such as NHS must be able to exercise effective financial management, control and decision-making so that more citizens can be given the right quality care that they pledged to provide for free. Since most of the funding of the NHS come from the money of the people, accountability must be observed by those in-charge of handling the organisational finances. A system of check and balance through transparency in financial auditing and reports and vigilance of the public are necessary in ensuring that the people’s money are spent rightly on where it is needed the most. In public sectors, the tender process is usually applied in evaluating and selecting suitable suppliers. Before one can enter into public contracts, the tender process is usually observed as a means to determine the quality of the services being procured by the government. It also ensures that every purchase has clean documentation and has gone through a thorough process of screening. For public organisations, the tender process is usually followed since the money being allocated are in huge amounts and most of all from the people who pay their taxes.

Ronald Regan :: essays research papers

Reagan, Ronald Wilson (1911- ), 40th president of the United States (1981-1989) Ronald Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois. In a family of 3 boys he was the youngest. His father was a traveling shoe salesman. Reagan's mother taught Reagan how to read at an early age, which heavily influenced him positively. Most of Reagan's childhood was spent in Dixon, Illinois. Reagan attended and graduated from Eureka College a small religious school around Peoria, Illinois. He majored in economics, and he was president of the student body, a player on the football team, and captain of the swimming team. He also looked toward acting, but when Reagan graduated the only available related to show business was a local radio sportscaster. In 1936 Reagan became a sportscaster for station WHO in Des Moines, Iowa. 1937 Reagan went to Hollywood and began to work as an actor he starred in more then 50 films like Knute Rockne-All American, king’s Row, and Bedtime for Bonzo. He married actress Jane Wyman and they had two children. After eight years of marriage they got divorced and Reagan remarried Nancy Davis. They had two children. Reagan's first political activities were associated with his responsibilities as a union leader. As union president, Reagan tried to remove suspected Communists from the movie industry. When the U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities began an investigation in 1947 on the influence of Communists in the film industry, Reagan took a strong anti-Communist stand testifying before the committee. As governor or California, Reagan became one of several widely known conservative politicians who wanted to slow down government involvement in the economy and society. In 1968 Reagan’s first term as governor, he decided to run for presidency. He lost to Nixon. After completing his term as governor, Reagan decided to run for president again. This time he challenged Gerald Ford for the 1976 presidency.

Balancing the Budget

American Government Balance the Budget When it came to the budget simulator I went in there with a general idea of what I wanted to do, and the results were surprising. I was able to cut the deficit by $256 billion leaving a deficit of only $144 billion. I was not able to completely balance the budget which is disappointing but I made a significant difference. It was very difficult to make a balanced budget which I felt was fair but I’m sure many people would feel my cuts and increases were unfair or unwarranted. My biggest area for budget cuts was that of military spending, although it still makes up a large portion of the budget. I cut $208 billion from the military spending mainly because if we were to pull out from the war it would largely lower our deficit. I left the spending for military personnel unchanged because I do not deny that the military is necessary, I do however, doubt that we need all the research at the time simply because the war being fought was no relevant to us and we shouldn’t have been involved. Which brings me to the $80 billion cut from the Iraq and Afghanistan operations. I cut $105 billion from our military operations there and severely debated eliminating it completely, but we do need funding in order to bring our troops home. I eliminated our reconstruction aid there simply because with our country in such a huge problem area we need to focus on fixing our country first. On the topic of military personnel I chose to actually increase the spending towards military retirement simply because they have done a lot for our country and we need to show them support for all they have done. In retrospect I nearly eliminated the budget for foreign affairs, due to the fact that we have our own problems to fix. I completely eliminated the international development and humanitarian assistance, and international military aid budgets. My reasoning behind this is that our development is hurt in terms of economy and yes it is bad that the other countries aren’t as privileged as us but when more money is going into their development than fixing our country it is a serious problem. I won’t go into detail about every field but the last field I want to outline my reasoning behind for cutting spending in is the tax breaks for large corporations and the benefits for the richest 20% of the taxpayers. My main reason for doing this is because we need to stop placating the â€Å"rich† in our country and stop giving them so many ways to continually make obscene amounts of money which many of them will spend on frivolous things and very few give to charity. Giving the rich many tax write- offs and benefits did nothing but hurt this country. This is why I actually increased the benefits given to the bottom 60% of taxpayers by 20%. I cut all corporate tax breaks by 20% simply because the corporations are just as much at fault as the rich for hoarding the money and not returning their wealth. Moving on to the areas where I did actually increase the budget one of the bigger increases and also one of the most important was in the education department; Increasing elementary, secondary, and vocational education budget by 50% and higher education by 20%. The education department has taken severe budget cuts and it is having an adverse effect on our students who will one day bring out a leader to run this country. I would rather not elect a poorly educated person as president thus our system needs as much budget as can be spared. Another area which received a large amount of an increase was Medicare and Non-Medicare health benefits because I personally know how much trouble this industry is in. Having a pre-existing condition and a severe one at that I know how difficult it is to get health insurance and the aid which comes with it can be less than stellar. Hopefully this increase would help promote better health in the citizens of the country. Playing off the medical benefits I also increased the aid to low income families because they are a large backbone to the society. With how the economy is you have families working three jobs and still struggling to make ends meet. This is very unhealthy and actually leads to more cost needed for medical benefits because when people get sick they have to go to the hospital. It was my hope that increasing both budgets would actually balance ut. The final increase I wish to cover is also slightly more of a controversial one and it may not be a modest increase but it is still important. I increased the border security and immigration budget by 50% in hopes that it would help lower the rate of illegal immigrants coming into the country and not becoming citizens. While at first it may be viewed as a heartless thought the truth is that while we allow the immigrants who come to the country and donâ€⠄¢t get citizenship to stay we increase our own expenses. By not being citizens they themselves do not actually pay federal taxes, especially if they work under the table. However, despite not being citizens they are still eligible for our low income aid, and medical benefit programs and this is actually taking away from the citizens and taxpayers who need it. There is also the unspoken fact that without a large amount of illegal immigrants who don’t speak English we could actually cut the spending for production of many products in Spanish and other languages since those who require them wouldn’t be living in the country. While balancing the budget it occurred to me why congress would have so many problems balancing the actual budget; it is difficult to keep everyone happy while maintaining a balanced budget. My cuts were largely from the foreign affairs, the rich and corporate America. The problem is those areas in this current day and age hold a lot of influence and it runs the risk of making a whole lot of people very angry. Congress has to try its’ hardest to create a balanced budget while remaining as politically correct as it possibly can. In short balancing this budget wasn’t as hard on me as it could have been simply because I have thought about this exact topic for a long time. While my budget may not be the most politically correct budget and it may not be completely balanced it did get results, and very significant ones at that. There were probably areas which I could have not increased the budget for or areas which could have been cut a little less but I feel strongly about my decisions and I would stand by them if ever they were questioned. Balancing the Budget American Government Balance the Budget When it came to the budget simulator I went in there with a general idea of what I wanted to do, and the results were surprising. I was able to cut the deficit by $256 billion leaving a deficit of only $144 billion. I was not able to completely balance the budget which is disappointing but I made a significant difference. It was very difficult to make a balanced budget which I felt was fair but I’m sure many people would feel my cuts and increases were unfair or unwarranted. My biggest area for budget cuts was that of military spending, although it still makes up a large portion of the budget. I cut $208 billion from the military spending mainly because if we were to pull out from the war it would largely lower our deficit. I left the spending for military personnel unchanged because I do not deny that the military is necessary, I do however, doubt that we need all the research at the time simply because the war being fought was no relevant to us and we shouldn’t have been involved. Which brings me to the $80 billion cut from the Iraq and Afghanistan operations. I cut $105 billion from our military operations there and severely debated eliminating it completely, but we do need funding in order to bring our troops home. I eliminated our reconstruction aid there simply because with our country in such a huge problem area we need to focus on fixing our country first. On the topic of military personnel I chose to actually increase the spending towards military retirement simply because they have done a lot for our country and we need to show them support for all they have done. In retrospect I nearly eliminated the budget for foreign affairs, due to the fact that we have our own problems to fix. I completely eliminated the international development and humanitarian assistance, and international military aid budgets. My reasoning behind this is that our development is hurt in terms of economy and yes it is bad that the other countries aren’t as privileged as us but when more money is going into their development than fixing our country it is a serious problem. I won’t go into detail about every field but the last field I want to outline my reasoning behind for cutting spending in is the tax breaks for large corporations and the benefits for the richest 20% of the taxpayers. My main reason for doing this is because we need to stop placating the â€Å"rich† in our country and stop giving them so many ways to continually make obscene amounts of money which many of them will spend on frivolous things and very few give to charity. Giving the rich many tax write- offs and benefits did nothing but hurt this country. This is why I actually increased the benefits given to the bottom 60% of taxpayers by 20%. I cut all corporate tax breaks by 20% simply because the corporations are just as much at fault as the rich for hoarding the money and not returning their wealth. Moving on to the areas where I did actually increase the budget one of the bigger increases and also one of the most important was in the education department; Increasing elementary, secondary, and vocational education budget by 50% and higher education by 20%. The education department has taken severe budget cuts and it is having an adverse effect on our students who will one day bring out a leader to run this country. I would rather not elect a poorly educated person as president thus our system needs as much budget as can be spared. Another area which received a large amount of an increase was Medicare and Non-Medicare health benefits because I personally know how much trouble this industry is in. Having a pre-existing condition and a severe one at that I know how difficult it is to get health insurance and the aid which comes with it can be less than stellar. Hopefully this increase would help promote better health in the citizens of the country. Playing off the medical benefits I also increased the aid to low income families because they are a large backbone to the society. With how the economy is you have families working three jobs and still struggling to make ends meet. This is very unhealthy and actually leads to more cost needed for medical benefits because when people get sick they have to go to the hospital. It was my hope that increasing both budgets would actually balance ut. The final increase I wish to cover is also slightly more of a controversial one and it may not be a modest increase but it is still important. I increased the border security and immigration budget by 50% in hopes that it would help lower the rate of illegal immigrants coming into the country and not becoming citizens. While at first it may be viewed as a heartless thought the truth is that while we allow the immigrants who come to the country and donâ€⠄¢t get citizenship to stay we increase our own expenses. By not being citizens they themselves do not actually pay federal taxes, especially if they work under the table. However, despite not being citizens they are still eligible for our low income aid, and medical benefit programs and this is actually taking away from the citizens and taxpayers who need it. There is also the unspoken fact that without a large amount of illegal immigrants who don’t speak English we could actually cut the spending for production of many products in Spanish and other languages since those who require them wouldn’t be living in the country. While balancing the budget it occurred to me why congress would have so many problems balancing the actual budget; it is difficult to keep everyone happy while maintaining a balanced budget. My cuts were largely from the foreign affairs, the rich and corporate America. The problem is those areas in this current day and age hold a lot of influence and it runs the risk of making a whole lot of people very angry. Congress has to try its’ hardest to create a balanced budget while remaining as politically correct as it possibly can. In short balancing this budget wasn’t as hard on me as it could have been simply because I have thought about this exact topic for a long time. While my budget may not be the most politically correct budget and it may not be completely balanced it did get results, and very significant ones at that. There were probably areas which I could have not increased the budget for or areas which could have been cut a little less but I feel strongly about my decisions and I would stand by them if ever they were questioned.

Being a Middle Class Minority Understanding the Ku Klux Klan Labeling White Males on the Top of the Food Chain

Being a Middle Class Minority Understanding the Ku Klux Klan Labeling White Males on the Top of the Food Chain To date, issues of multiculturalism and racial diversity continue to breed unnecessary conflict in the United States, in large part due to the diverse interests and needs espoused by different ethnic and racial groups (Harvey Allerd, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Being a Middle Class Minority Understanding the Ku Klux Klan: Labeling White Males on the Top of the Food Chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a matter of fact, different races have over time established contact organizations and splinter groups to spearhead and protect their interests, with a section of whites subscribing to the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) from as early as the 1900s to safeguard their interests while limiting the influence of the minority, particularly the blacks, Jews, and members of the catholic church (Ku Klux Klan, 2010). The minority black Americans, on their part, rallied behind several lobby groups such as the Black Panther or ganization, which they felt offered more hope to their cause of fighting discrimination, oppression and slavery. As it shall be demonstrated in this discussion, more still need to be done in the U.S. to level the playing ground for members of America’s middle class minority to be able to enjoy the same status and perks as their white counterparts. The KKK is the name given to a number of past and present hate group entities in the U.S. whose affirmed objective was to safeguard the rights of and enhance the interests of white Americans through the employment of aggression, terrorism, coercion, and lynching to murder and oppress African Americans, Jews and members of other minority groups (Ku Klux Klan, 2010). Although various legislations have been put in place to curb this form of white supremacist aggression, evidence is available to the fact that American class issues are largely influenced by racial connotations, with the whites likely to be seen as supreme to the blacks e ven in instances where there are no presumed differences of social status or class. The sudden recognition that the above is the case came immediately after the 2008 election of Barrack Obama, the first African American man to lead the U.S. Even though Obama was overwhelmingly elected by whites as well as blacks, concerns about his suitability and capability as the U.S. president continues to elicit sustained debate in popular media forums. Through my own analysis, I have come to discover that these concerns are not triggered by class issues or an evident lack of leadership capabilities; rather they are being triggered by the fact that Obama is a black man and some white men feel extremely uncomfortable by the fact a man of color is in charge of the White House.Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A number of criticisms directed to Obama often demonstrate the â€Å"KKKâ €  reinforced understanding on the part of some whites that a black man is unable to achieve what a white man can achieve despite his level of education or class status in society. From experience, I can firmly say that in some parts of the U.S., an established black man with a doctorate-level education is still referred to as a ‘nigger,’ while a white college graduate may end up attracting more favor and respect from a society that is predominantly white. The challenges of the middle class minority, in my view, are further complicated not by the account of their divided identity as members of a minority group who have used their endowed and learnt abilities to scale the social and economic ladder, but by their reinforced persistence to celebrate the black underclass as the â€Å"purest† illustration of true African American identity or the ‘victim-focused’ black identity. This need not be the case as such an orientation only further to enhance th e false belief that American white males are on the top of everything, including good careers, social-economic status, and political muscle, not mentioning that such an orientation further enhances the KKK mentality, which is principally founded on false premises and an obvious hatred of certain racial groups perceived to be undesirable. Upon his election as the U.S. president, some sections of Americans started viewing Obama as a black African who was born in Africa and not the U.S. Such racial predispositions, according to Harvey Allerd (2008), only serve to elevate disharmony while encouraging instances of victimization regardless of class or an individual’s ability. Indeed, this orientation has led a sizeable white Americans to believe that it is difficult for a black American to achieve a middle-level class status. Americans therefore need to take pride in the diverse racial groupings as a source of strength rather than a reason to fight each other and label others as i nferior due to the skin of their color. As observed by Harvey Allerd (2008), diversity increases productivity and innovation if the performance of organizations such as Coca Cola and IBM is anything to go by. These organizations, according to the authors, promote diversity programs to source talents from a wide range of diverse ethnic and racial groups. In my view, the KKK mentality that puts much focus on the capabilities of the American white males must not be encouraged since every racial group has its own strengths and weaknesses. Whites and black Americans need to be encouraged to substitute and compliment each other’s efforts in nation building and no body should be viewed as superior or inferior to the other on status of his or her racial orientation. It is also imperative to view the U.S. middle class as a state that is brought by an individual’s capabilities and hard work rather than his or her racial orientation. Efforts aimed at implementing this paradigm s hift have already achieved enviable results, and we already have many African Americans shining in many fields, including sports, academic and research.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Being a Middle Class Minority Understanding the Ku Klux Klan: Labeling White Males on the Top of the Food Chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, care must be taken to preserve our interracial relationships since they enhance our understanding of our own identity and roots. The KKK wrongfully assumed that interracial relationships have little or no value (Ku Klux Klan, 2010), but this assertion is akin to someone who throws away his or identity in the pursuit of other shallow interests. Reference List Harvey, C., Allerd, M.J. (2008). Understanding and managing diversity, 4th Ed. New York, NY: Prentice Hall Ku Klux Klan. (2010). Retrieved from https://www.tititudorancea.org/z/ku_klux_klan.htm

buy custom Fractures and Myopathy essay

buy custom Fractures and Myopathy essay A fracture may be defined as a crack or break in the bone. Fractures result from excessive pressure exalted on the bone surface or due to weakening of the bones due to a medical condition, also called osteoporosis (Cavendish, 2008). Generally, fractures can be categorized as closed or simple where the skin is still intact with the bone, or as open or compound in which there are wounds within the fracture or where it is exposed to the surrounding, thus can be easily contaminated. Fractures can be complete, where broken bones are completely separated, or incomplete (greenstick) where broken bones are not completely separated. Impacted fracture is where the bone-ends have been drawn together, avulsion fractures result when a portion of the bone is pulled off by a tendon whereas pathologic fractures result from minor injuries to bones already weakened by diseases. Fractures may lead to excessive loss of blood through bleeding, swellings and itching around the affected areas and overall body weakness. Bone fractures are characterized by extreme pain due to breaking of the periosteum, edema of soft tissues caused by bleeding from periosteal blood vessels which evokes pressure and pain, muscle spasms and swelling at the fracture site. Some people also experience paralysis or itchiness in areas below the fracture. Weakness and inability to bear weight may also indicate the presence of a bone fracure (Egol, Koval Zuckerman, 2010). Diagnosis of fractures involves assessing the history of the fracture: how, when, where and why it occurred. This is often followed by pain control and minor operations. Treatment include First Aid to prevent bleeding, covering open wounds, X-Rays of affected areas, maneuver of displaced bones, and anesthesia treatment for severe fractures, surgery and physical therapy to repair fractures. Pain relievers and muscle relaxants are also administered. People should avoid risky activities and reckless behaviors that may increase chances of accidents. One should wear protective clothes when involved in exposure activities such as construction and sports. Those with fractures should seek medical attention immediately and take more of Vitamin C and Zinc supplements to promote healing of the fractures. Myopathy Myopathy refers to a condition in which muscles of the body fail to function properly due to weaknesses in their fibers and strands. Myopathy is primarily associated with body muscles only. Other forms of myopathy may include muscle spasms and cramps (Lawrence, 2011). Myopathy is caused by muscle weakening, spasms or tetany and inflammations of the muscles. It develops due to genetics (inherited) or acquired conditions of the muuscles that may result from fatigue, body dehydration or stiffness. Vinken suggest that myopathy usually takes two forms; inherited such as nemaline, congenital and mitochondrial Myopathy, and acquired myopathy for example polymyositis and dermatomyositis (Vinken, 1992). Myopathy causes body weakness, inflammation of muscles, dysfunction of the metabolic system and muscle rigidity thereby hindering free movement. In comparison, acquired myopathy resolves quicker than inherited myopathy. They also show varied symptoms in different individuals. Myopathy is generally characterized by weakness of muscles, general body weakness and inactiveness and sometimes muscle pains. In rare cases, a person may pass out discolored urine. Treatment of myopathy starts by undergoing diagnosis testing, after which drug therapy, massage and acupuncture and yoga may follow. Physical therapy and minor surgery may be used as well. Pain management is usually essential. Full medical care may involve administration of immune-suppressive drugs that ease inflammation, for example, Trexall (Kagen, 2009). People who are experiencing muscle cramps and inflammations should seek medical attention as soon as possible. It is advisable to do regular exercises to increase muscle flexibility and blood circulation within the body, muscles and nerves. Buy custom Fractures and Myopathy essay